Pelton, A., Bale, C. W., Melançon, J., Eriksson, G., Hack, K., & to Baben, M. (2023). Applying constraints to chemical equilibrium calculations through the use of virtual elements. CALPHAD: Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 81, 7 pages.
Directory of Experts
Bale, Christopher W.

Directory of Experts
Bale, Christopher W.
Directory of Experts
Publications by type
Journal article (49)
Conference paper (6)
Book (1)
Book chapter (4)
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Christopher Bale (60)
- Journal articles (49)
- 2023
Journal article
- 2019
Journal article Côté, R., Bale, C. W., & Gauthier, M. (2019). K 2 CO 3 Solid Electrolyte as a CO 2 Probe: Decomposition Measurements of CaCO3. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 131(1), 63-67.
- 2017
Journal article Pelton, A., Eriksson, G., & Bale, C. W. (2017). Scheil-Gulliver Constituent Diagrams. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 48(6), 3113-3129.Journal article Pelton, A., Eriksson, G., Hack, K., & Bale, C. W. (2017). Thermodynamic calculation of aqueous phase diagrams. Monatshefte für Chemie, 149(2), 395-409.
- 2016
Journal article Bale, C. W., Bélisle, E., Chartrand, P., Decterov, S., Eriksson, G., Gheribi, A. E., Hack, K., Jung, I. H., Kang, Y. B., Melançon, J., Pelton, A., Petersen, S., Robelin, C., Sangster, J., Spencer, P., & Van Ende, M. A. (2016). FactSage thermochemical software and databases, 2010–2016. Calphad, 54, 35-53.Journal article Bale, C. W., Bélisle, E., Chartrand, P., Decterov, S., Eriksson, G., Gheribi, A. E., Hack, K., Jung, I. H., Kang, Y. B., Melançon, J., Pelton, A., Petersen, S., Robelin, C., Sangster, J., Spencer, P., & Van Ende, M. A. (2016). Reprint of: FactSage thermochemical software and databases, 2010-2016 (vol 54, pg 35, 2016). CALPHAD: Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 55(1), 1-19.Journal article Gheribi, A. E., Harvey, J.-P., Belisle, E., Robelin, C., Chartrand, P., Pelton, A., Bale, C. W., & Le Digabel, S. (2016). Use of a biobjective direct search algorithm in the process design of material science applications. Optimization and Engineering, 17(1), 27-45.
- 2013
Journal article Eriksson, G., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (2013). Interpretation and calculation of first-melting projections of phase diagrams. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 67, 63-73.Journal article Kim, W.-Y., Pelton, A., Bale, C. W., Bélisle, E., & Decterov, S. (2013). Modeling the viscosity of silicate melts containing manganese oxide. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, 49(3), 323-337.
- 2012
Journal article Gheribi, A. E., Audet, C., Le Digabel, S., Belisle, E., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (2012). Calculating Optimal Conditions for Alloy and Process Design Using Thermodynamic and Property Databases, the Fact Sage Software and the Mesh Adaptive Direct Search Algorithm. Calphad-Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 36, 135-143.
- 2009
Journal article Bale, C. W., Bélisle, E., Chartrand, P., Decterov, S., Eriksson, G., Hack, K., Jung, I.-H., Kang, Y.-B., Melancon, J., Pelton, A., Robelin, C., & Petersen, S. (2009). FactSage thermochemical software and databases - recent developments. CALPHAD: Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 33(2), 295-311.Journal article Pelton, A., Eriksson, G., & Bale, C. W. (2009). Thermodynamic modeling of dilute components in multicomponent solutions. CALPHAD: Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 33(4), 679-683.
- 2007
Journal article Jak, E., Hayes, P., Bale, C. W., & Decterov, S. (2007). Application of FactSage thermodynamic modeling of recycled slags (Al₂O₃-CaO-FeO-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂-PbO-ZnO) in the treatment of wastes from end-of-life-vehicles.
- 2003
Journal article Pelton, A., & Bale, C. W. (2003). Rebuttal to "Comments on the Li-Sr System" by F.e. Wang [Discussion or Letter]. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 24(4), 305-306.
- 2002
Journal article Bale, C. W., Chartrand, P., Decterov, S., Eriksson, G., Hack, K., Ben Mahfoud, R., Melançon, J., Pelton, A., & Peterson, S. (2002). FactSage thermochemical software and databases. CALPHAD: Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 26(2), 189-228.
- 1999
Journal article Pelton, A., & Bale, C. W. (1999). Proceedings of the FACT workshop - june 1-3 1998. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 20(3), 177-178.
- 1998
Journal article Sangster, J., & Bale, C. W. (1998). Cs-Sn (Cesium-Tin) System. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 19(1), 64-66.Journal article Sangster, J., & Bale, C. W. (1998). K-Sn (Potassium-Tin) System. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 19(1), 67-69.Journal article Sangster, J., & Bale, C. W. (1998). Li-Sn (Lithium-Tin) System. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 19(1), 70-75.Journal article Sangster, J., & Bale, C. W. (1998). Na-Sn (Sodium-Tin) System. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 19(1), 76-81.Journal article Sangster, J., & Bale, C. W. (1998). Rb-Sn (Rubidium-Tin) System. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 19(1), 82-84.
- 1995
Journal article Bouchard, D., & Bale, C. W. (1995). Measurement of the standard molar gibbs free-energy of formation of ag2s using ag+ beta-alumina solid-electrolyte. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 27(4), 383-390.Journal article Bouchard, D., & Bale, C. W. (1995). Phosphine and phosphorus oxide concentration measurements with ag(+) beta-alumina. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 23(1), 93-98.Journal article Bouchard, D., & Bale, C. W. (1995). Simultaneous optimization of thermochemical data for liquid iron alloys containing C, N, Ti, Si, Mn, S, and P. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. B, Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, 26(3), 467-484.Journal article Bouchard, D., & Bale, C. W. (1995). Thermochemical properties of iron-rich liquid solutions containing oxygen and aluminum. Journal of Phase Equilibria, 16(1), 16-23.Journal article Bouchard, D., & Bale, C. W. (1995). Ti-si interactions in liquid iron. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 34(4), 343-346.
- 1993
Journal article Talley, P. K., Sangster, J., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (1993). Prediction of vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria and thermodynamic properties of multicomponent organic systems from optimized binary data using the Kohler method. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 85, 101-128.
- 1992
Journal article Talley, P. K., Sangster, J., Pelton, A., & Bale, C. W. (1992). Prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria and thermodynamic properties for a quinary hydrocarbon system from optimized binary data using the kohler method. Calphad-computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 16(1), 93-106.
- 1990
Journal article Bale, C. W., & Melançon, J. (1990). FACTPACK — plotting and communications software for thermochemical calculations. Calphad-computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 14(4), 403-415.Journal article Bale, C. W., & Eriksson, G. (1990). Metallurgical Thermochemical Databases—A Review. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 29(2), 105-132.Journal article Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (1990). The unified interaction parameter formalism: Thermodynamic consistency and applications. Metallurgical transactions, 21(7), 1997-2002.
- 1989
Journal article Talley, P. K., & Bale, C. W. (1989). Vapor compositions in binary orqanic systems from p-t-x data coupled with liquid excess properties. Calphad-computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 401-411.
- 1988
Journal article Petric, A., Kirchnerova, J., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (1988). Structure and Stability of βAlumina Type Phases. MRS Proceedings, 135.
- 1987
Journal article Pelton, A., & Bale, C. W. (1987). Authors' reply : Legendre Polynomial Expansions of Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Solutions. Metallurgical Transactions A, 18(2), 354-354.Journal article Talley, P. K., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (1987). Simultaneous optimization of binary phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data for organic systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 26(9), 1774-1781.
- 1986
Journal article Pelton, A., & Bale, C. W. (1986). A modified interaction parameter formalism for non-dilute solutions. Metallurgical transactions, 17(7), 1211-1215.Journal article Bale, C. W., Pelton, A., & Thompson, W. T. (1986). An Efficient Procedure for Computing Isothermal Predominance Diagrams. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 25(2), 107-112.Journal article Pelton, A., & Bale, C. W. (1986). Legendre polynomial expansions of thermodynamic properties of binary solutions. Metallurgical Transactions A, 17(6), 1057-1063.
- 1985
Journal article Melançon, J., Lanchette, Y. B., & Bale, C. W. (1985). Computation of gas phase equilibria—a general algorithm using the Newton-Raphson method. Metallurgical Transactions B, 16(4), 793-799.
- 1983
Journal article Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (1983). Optimization of binary thermodynamic and phase diagram data. Metallurgical transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science, 14(1), 77-83.Journal article Gauthier, M., & Bale, C. W. (1983). Oxide-Sulfate equilibria in the Mg, Ni, and Mn systems measured by a solid K₂SO₄ concentration cell. Metallurgical transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science, 14(1), 117-124.Journal article Demuysère, V., & Bale, C. W. (1983). Sulfur content of gases and materials measured by a K₂SO₄ based concentration cell. Solid State Ionics, 9-10, 1285-1289.
- 1982
Journal article Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (1982). Coupled phase diagram and thermodynamic analysis of the 18 binary systems formed among Li2Co3, K2Co3,Na2Co3, Lioh, Koh, Naoh, Li2So4, K2So4 and Na2So4. Calphad, 6(4), 255-278.Journal article Melançon, J., & Bale, C. W. (1982). Gaseous equilibria in the C-H-O ternary system at 500–2000 K, 0.1–10 atm. Oxidation of Metals, 18(3-4), 147-162.Journal article Bale, C. W. (1982). The Cs−Na (Cesium−Sodium) system. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, 3(3), 310-313.Journal article Bale, C. W. (1982). The K−Na (Potassium−Sodium) system. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, 3(3), 313-318.Journal article Bale, C. W. (1982). The Na−Rb (Sodium−Rubidium) system. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, 3(3), 318-321.
- 1977
Journal article Pelton, A., Bale, C. W., & Rigaud, M. (1977). The Computer Calculation of a Quaternary Phase Diagram with Liquid-Liquid Immiscibility — The Zn-Cd-Bi-Sn System. [Computer-Berechnung eines quaternären Phasendiagramms mit Unmischbarkeit im flüssigen Zustand. Das System Zink-Kadmium-Wismut-Zinn]. International Journal of Materials Research, 68(2), 135-140.Journal article Bale, C. W., Pelton, A., & Rigaud, M. (1977). The Measurement and Analytical Computation of Thermochemical Properties in a Quaternary System — Zn-Cd-Bi-Sn. International Journal of Materials Research, 68(1), 69-74.
- 2023
- Conference papers (6)
- 2017
Conference paper Gheribi, A. E., Pelton, A., Chartrand, P., & Bale, C. W. (2017, October). Optimization of Compositions and Physical Properties of Salt Systems for Latent Heat Storage in Thermal Solar Energy Applications [Presentation]. In Materials Science & Technology 2017 (MS&T 2017), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- 2016
Conference paper Gheribi, A. E., Harvey, J.-P., Chartrand, P., Bélisle, E., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (2016, February). Identifying optimal conditions for alloys and process design using the Mesh Adaptive Direct Search algorithm [Presentation]. In 145th TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition (TMS 2016), Nashville, TN, USA.
- 2014
Conference paper Bale, C. W., Bélisle, E., Chartrand, P., Decterov, S., Eriksson, G., Gheribi, A. E., Hack, K., Jung, I.-H., Melançon, J., Pelton, A., Petersen, S., & Robelin, C. (2014, February). Recent developments in FactSage thermochemical software and databases [Paper]. Celebrating the Megascale: Extraction and Processing Division Symposium on Pyrometallurgy in Honor of David G.C. Robertson - TMS 2014 143rd Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Orlando, Florida.
- 2012
Conference paper Gheribi, A. E., Chartrand, P., Belisle, E., Bale, C. W., Jin, L., & Pelton, A. (2012, July). Identifying optimal conditions for Mg alloy design using thermodynamic and properties databases, the Factsage software and the mesh adaptive direct searches algorithm [Paper]. 9th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications (Mg2012), Vancouver, Canada.
- 1997
Conference paper Thompson, W. T., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. Applications of F*A*C*T in high temperature materials chemistry [Paper]. 9th IUPAC International conference.
- 1994
Conference paper Pelton, A., Bale, C. W., Talley, P. K., & Thompson, W. T. (1994, January). Computer-assisted thermodynamic calculations and process simulation in steelmaking [Paper]. Canada-Japan symposium on steelmaking and continuous casting, Montréal, Québec.
- 2017
- Books (1)
- 1996
Book Thompson, W. T., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (1996). FACT (Facility for the Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics) User's instruction manual. (4th ed.).
- 1996
- Book chapters (4)
- 2011
Book chapter Chartrand, P., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (2011). Development of the FACT/FactSage System and its impact in Canadian Metallurgy. In The Canadian metallurgical and materials landscape 1960 to 2011 (pp. 395-420).Book chapter Thompson, W. T., Kaye, M. H., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (2011). Pourbaix diagrams for multielement systems. In Uhlig's corrosion handbook (3rd ed., pp. 103-110).
- 2000
Book chapter Thompson, W. T., Hayes, M. H., Bale, C. W., & Pelton, A. (2000). Thermodynamics of aqueous corrosion - Pourbaix diagrams for multi-element systems. In Uhlig's corrosion handbook (2nd ed., pp. 125-136).
- 1999
Book chapter Pelton, A., & Bale, C. W. (1999). Thermodynamics. In Direct reduced iron : technology and economics of production and use (pp. 25-41).
- 2011